For both mothers and fathers, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that children’s NA and EC independently and interactively moderated the relations between parental childhood history of CP and their current use of CP. A total of 634 Chinese father–mother dyads with preschoolers (M age = 4.69 years, 53.8% boys) reported on their experience of CP in childhood, their current use of CP toward children, and their children’s NA and EC. The present study examined the independent and interactive moderating effects of children’s negative affectivity (NA) and effortful control (EC) on the relations between parental childhood history of corporal punishment (CP) and their current use of CP. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. Migration is, itself, a major life event, with profound implications for the pursuit of migrants' life goals, organization of family life, and personal networks, and it can affect, to a considerable degree, their subjective well-being. The book also examines the ways to reconcile competing cultural expectations of both origin and destination societies regarding the timing of transitions between roles to provide a meaningful account of their life courses. The authors discuss the challenges faced by migrants and returnees when trying to make sense of their life courses after years of experience in other countries with different age norms and cultural values. For international migrants, life journeys are less conventional or patterned, while their family, work, and educational trajectories are simultaneously more fragmented and intermingled. This volume documents the life uncertainties revealed by migrants' biographies. © 2016 International Association of Forensic Mental Health Services. Finally, we provide recommendations for practitioners, researchers, and policymakers to move forward on this topic in the forensic field. In this introduction article, we aim to highlight the relevance of studying gender differences in the forensic field and to provide a brief overview of important gender issues in developmental pathways to offending, gender differences and similarities in the nature of offending, assessment and treatment in forensic mental health care and the criminal justice system. These special issues of the International Journal of Forensic Mental Health dedicated to gender issues in the forensic field marks a substantial effort to enlarge the empirical and theoretical knowledge on (violent) offending, assessment, and treatment in girls and women. There is a similar paucity of knowledge on the efficacy of treatment in female offenders and a need for treatment programs that are specifically responsive to the needs and issues of these girls and women. There remain substantial gaps in knowledge and debate regarding the importance of gender differences, for instance, in developmental pathways to offending and in violence risk factors and assessment. As such, there are growing concerns about whether the theoretical knowledge we have on male offenders is sufficiently valid and useful for female offenders. The vast majority of research in the forensic mental health field, however, remains steadfastly focused on male populations. However, studies worldwide suggest that there has been a steady increase in the number of girls and women being managed by forensic mental health services and correctional agencies over the past two decades. Girls and women represent a minority of forensic mental health and prison populations. Finally, educational achievement appears to be a powerful buffer against problematic parenting and a wide variety of difficult family circumstances, protecting families against the transfer of risk between generations. Conversely, parental involvement, cognitive stimulation, warmth, and nurturance appear to have important protective effects for offspring. Parents with a history of childhood aggression, in particular, tend to have continuing social, behavioral, and health difficulties, as do their offspring. In addition, problematic parenting seems to be an extension of an individual's early style of aggressive and problematic social behavior. Convergent findings, across a broad range of research populations in several countries, suggest that problematic parenting develops in part through learning the behavior modeled by one's own parents. These projects are utilized to study the origins and early determinants of parenting behavior and of other environmental, health, and social conditions that place young offspring at risk for continuing behavioral, cognitive, and health problems. Intergenerational studies typically involve two (or more) generations of participants, observed over time. This review describes a recent approach to studying the intergenerational processes that place families and children at risk for a broad variety of social, behavioral, and health problems.
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